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Translation glossary: Cartographic Terms

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accuracyDegree of conformity with a standard. Accuracy relates to the quality of a result and is distinguished from precision which relates to the quality of 
English英语
adjustmentProcess designed to remove inconsistencies in measured or computed quantities by applying derived corrections to compensate for random or accidental e 
English英语
adjustment, land- linePositioning land lines on a map to indicate their true, theoretical, or approximate location relative to the adjacent terrain and culture, by reconcil 
English英语
adjustment, standard accuracyAdjustment of a survey resulting in values for positions and (or) elevations that comply with the National Map Accuracy Standards. 
English英语
aerotriangulationThe process of developing a network of horizontal and or vertical positions from a group of known positions using direct or indirect measurements from 
English英语
alidadeInstrument, or part of an instrument , for determining direction , either horizontal or vertical . In its simplest form, a peepsight or telescope moun 
English英语
altimeterInstrument for measuring altitudes or elevations with respect to a reference level, usually mean sea level. The most common type is an aneroid baromet 
English英语
azimuthHorizontal direction reckoned clockwise from the meridian plane. 
English英语
backshorePart of a beach that is usually dry and is reached only by the highest tides; by extension, a narrow strip of relatively flat coast bordering the sea. 
English英语
bathymetryScience of measuring water depths (usually in the ocean) to determine bottom topography. 
English英语
beach (seabeach)Zone of unconsolidated material that extends landward from the low water line to the place where there is marked change in material or physiographic f 
English英语
bench markRelatively permanent material object, natural or artificial, bearing a marked point whose elevation above or below an adopted datum is known. 
English英语
boundary monumentMaterial object placed on or near a boundary line to preserve and identify the location of the boundary line on the ground 
English英语
boundary surveySurvey made to establish or to reestablish a boundary line on the ground, or to obtain data for constructing a map or plat showing a boundary line. 
English英语
cadastral surveySurvey relating to land boundaries, made to create units suitable for title transfer or to define the limitations of title. Derived from \"cadastre\" 
English英语
cartographyScience and art of making maps and charts. The term may be taken broadly as comprising all the steps needed to produce a map: planning, aerial photogr 
English英语
chainUnit of length equal to 66 feet, used especially in the U.S. public land surveys. The original measuring instrument (Gunter\'s chain) was literally a 
English英语
chartSpecial-purpose map designed for navigation or to present specific data or information. The term \"chart\" is applied chiefly to maps made primarily f 
English英语
chart, aeronauticalCharts designed to meet requirements of aerial navigating, produced in several series, each on a specified map projection and differing in scale, form 
English英语
chart, bathymetricSee: map, bathymetric 
English英语
chart, nauticalRepresentation of a portion of the navigable waters of the Earth and adjacent coastal areas on a specified map projection and designed specifically to 
English英语
color separationProcess of preparing a separate drawing, engraving, or negative for each color required in the printing production of a map or chart. 
English英语
compilationPreparation of a new or revised map or chart, or portion thereof, from existing maps, aerial photographs, field surveys, and other sources. 
English英语
continuous toneImage not broken into dots by photographic screen; contains unbroken gradient tones from black to white, and may be either in negative or positive for 
English英语
contourImaginary line on ground, all points of which are at the same elevation above or below a specific datum. 
English英语
contour intervalDifference in elevation between two adjacent contours. 
English英语
control mappingPoints of established position or elevation, or both, which are used to fix references in positioning and correlating map features. Fundamental contro 
English英语
control stationPoint on the ground whose position (horizontal or vertical) is known and can be used as a base for additional survey work. 
English英语
coordinatesLinear and (or) angular quantities that designate the position of a point in relation to a given reference frame. 
English英语
coordinates, origin ofPoints in a system of coordinates which serves as a zero point in computing the system\'s elements or in prescribing its use. 
English英语
cultureFeatures constructed by man that are under, on, or above the ground which are delineated on a map. These include roads, trails, buildings, canals, sew 
English英语
datum (pl. datums)In surveying, a reference system for computing or correlating the results of surveys. There are tow principal types of datums: vertical and horizontal 
English英语
datum, national geodetic verticalSee: national geodetic vertical datum of 1929 
English英语
declinationIn astronomy, the angular distance of a celestial body above (north, plus) or below (south, minus) the celestial Equator. Magnetic declination is the 
English英语
depth curveLine on a map or chart connecting points of equal depth below the datum. 
English英语
diazo processRapid method for copying documents in which the image is developed by exposure to ammonia. 
English英语
dikeBank of earth or stone used to form a barrier, frequently and confusingly interchanged with levee. A dike restrains water within an area that normally 
English英语
electronic distance measuring (EDM) device:Instruments that measure the phase difference between transmitted and reflected or retransmitted electromagnetic waves of known frequency, or that mea 
English英语
elevationVertical distance of a point above or below a reference surface or datum. 
English英语
ER-55 plotterDouble-projection plotting instrument utilizing ellipsoidal reflectors for light projection. 
English英语
erosionGroup of natural processes including weathering, dissolution, abrasion, corrosion, and transportation that remove material from any part of the Earth\ 
English英语
estuaryThat portion of a stream influenced by the tide of the body of water into which it flows; an arm of the sea at a river mouth. 
English英语
feature separationProcess of preparing a separate drawing, engraving, or negative for selected types of data in the preparation of a map or chart. 
English英语
flood control mapSee: map, flood control 
English英语
flood plainBelt of low flat ground bordering a stream channel that is flooded when runoff exceeds the capacity of the stream channel. 
English英语
forestry mapSee: map, forestry 
English英语
formlinesLines, resembling contour lines, drawn to present a conception of the shape of the terrain without regard to a true datum or regular spacing 
English英语
geodesyScience concerned with the measurement and mathematical description of the size and shape of the earth and its gravitational fields. Geodesy also incl 
English英语
geoidFigure of the Earth visualized as a mean sea level surface extended continuously through the continents. It is a theoretically continuous surface that 
English英语
geologic mapSee: map, geologic 
English英语
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